早期吸入不同浓度布地奈德对哮喘大鼠气道炎症和重构的干预

目的:研究早期吸入不同浓度布地奈德对哮喘大鼠气道炎症和气道重构的干预情况。方法:32只Wistar大鼠随机分为4组:A对照组8只,B卵蛋白(OVA)致哮喘组8只,C卵蛋白致哮喘后吸入低浓度布地奈德治疗组8只,D卵蛋白致哮喘后吸入高浓度布地奈德治疗组8只。分别测定各组大鼠血中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中内皮素-1(ET-1)的水平,计数BALF中细胞总数及分类。各组大鼠行肺组织切片HE染色,再行胶原染色、免疫组化NGF、TGF-β1染色,借助计算机图象分析软件测量单位气道面积炎性细胞数目,基底膜周径(Pbm)、平滑肌面积(WAm)、气道内壁面积(WAi)、胶原面积(Wcol),NGF及TGF-β1阳性信号积分吸光度。结果:B组BALF中细胞总数、嗜酸细胞分类及TNF-α、ET-1水平与A组比较均明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),C组及D组较B组均明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。B组NGF及TGF-β1的表达、气道壁炎性细胞计数、气道内壁面积、平滑肌面积、胶原面积与A组比较均明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),C组及D组与B组比较均明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),C组及D组与A组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01),C组与D组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:早期吸入不同浓度的布地奈德均可明显抑制气道炎症和气道重构,高浓度较低浓度对气道炎症和气道重构的影响更明显。     

氧气雾化吸入疗法在老年喘息型支气管肺炎治疗中的价值探讨

目的探讨氧气雾化吸入疗法在老年喘息型支气管肺炎治疗中的价值。方法将90例老年喘息型支气管肺炎患者随机分为2组。对照组采用常规疗法即静脉点滴消炎、抗病毒、解痉平喘、祛痰药物及对症治疗。治疗组在上述常规疗法的基础上辅助应用氧气雾化吸入疗法。结果治疗组排痰效果、临床症状/体征消失时间明显缩短（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论氧气雾化吸入疗法治疗老年喘息型支气管肺炎,改善症状疗效显著,起效快,用药少,操作简单,病人乐于接受,值得在基层医疗机构临床推广使用。     

布地奈德对人气道上皮9HTEo-细胞增殖的影响及机制

探究布地奈德(budesonide,BUD)对人气道上皮9HTEo-细胞增殖的影响及机制,利用CCK-8法检测BUD对9HTEo-细胞增殖的影响,荧光显微镜观察经BUD处理后9HTEo-细胞形态的改变,流式细胞术检测细胞周期分布变化,Western blot检测p27kip1蛋白表达.CCK-8法结果显示3～10 μmol/L BUD对细胞具有显著的抑制作用(P＜0.01);荧光显微镜下,1～10 μmol/L BUD处理后细胞可见明显的增殖受抑、凋亡形态;流式细胞术检测G0/G1期细胞随着BUD浓度的增加而增多,S期细胞逐渐减少;Western blot检测结果提示BUD能使p27kip1表达增加.由此可见,BUD对人气道上皮细胞株9HTEo-具有显著增殖抑制作用,其作用与提高p27kip1蛋白的表达,将细胞阻滞在G0/G1期有关.     

布地奈德吸入对哮喘气道重塑大鼠气道平滑肌细胞MMP-9及TIMP-1表达的影响

目的探讨布地奈德气雾剂对哮喘气道重塑大鼠气道平滑肌细胞(airway smooth muscle cell,ASMC)中MMP-9(金属基质蛋白-9)及TIMP-1mRNA(组织抑制因子-1)表达的影响。方法将60只wistar大鼠按照随机分组原则分为正常组、模型组及治疗组。模型组采用Wistar大鼠哮喘模型制作方法制作哮喘气道重塑大鼠模型;HE染色图像分析测量各组大鼠肺组织中气道壁面积(Wat)及平滑肌层面积(Was),并用气道基膜周长(Pbm)进行标准化;原代培养各组大鼠ASMC;实时定量PCR检测比较各组大鼠ASMC中MMP-9及TIMP-1mRNA表达含量,用SPSS 17.0统计软件进行统计学分析,组间比较采用单因素方差分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果模型组大鼠肺组织中Wat/Pbm及Was/Pbm明显较正常对照组增加,治疗组大鼠肺组织中Wat/Pbm及Was/Pbm较正常对照组增加,但较模型组明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。模型组大鼠ASMC中MMP-9mRNA表达较正常对照组增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);但治疗组大鼠ASMC中MMP-9mRNA表达较模型组减少,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);但较正常对照组大鼠ASMC中含量增加(P<0.05)。模型组大鼠ASMC中TIMP-1mRNA表达较正常对照组降低;但治疗组大鼠ASMC中TIMP-1mRNA表达较哮喘组增加,但较正常对照组降低(P<0.05)。结论布地奈德通过降低哮喘大鼠ASMC中MMP-9mRNA,增加TIMP-1mRNA表达,从而减轻哮喘大鼠ASMC细胞间质增厚。     

Determination of chromium in cerebrospinal fluid using electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry

A rapid method to determine the chromium content of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples using electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry (ETA-AAS) with deuterium-arc background correction is described. The chromium concentration in CSF was evaluated by the standard addition method. Sample dilution (1 + 1) with 0.25% (m/v) Triton X-100 and 4.5% (v/v) HNO₃ gave the best combination of sensitivity, reproducibility, and low blank reading compared with dilution using other solvents. Within-batch reproducibility was 3.2% for 20 CSF samples, between-batch reproducibility was 4.7%. CSF samples from 43 healthy volunteers collected in a manner designed to avoid contamination yielded chromium concentrations of 14.6 ± 6.3 ng mL⁻¹.     

Process considerations related to the microencapsulation of plasmid DNA via ultrasonic atomization

An effective means of facilitating DNA vaccine delivery to antigen presenting cells is through biodegradable microspheres. Microspheres offer distinct advantages over other delivery technologies by providing release of DNA vaccine in its bioactive form in a controlled fashion. In this study, biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres containing polyethylenimine (PEI) condensed plasmid DNA (pDNA) were prepared using a 40 kHz ultrasonic atomization system. Process synthesis parameters, which are important to the scale-up of microspheres that are suitable for nasal delivery (i.e., less than 20 microm), were studied. These parameters include polymer concentration; feed flowrate; volumetric ratio of polymer and pDNA-PEI (plasmid DNA-polyethylenimine) complexes; and nitrogen to phosphorous (N/P) ratio. PDNA encapsulation efficiencies were predominantly in the range 82-96%, and the mean sizes of the particle were between 6 and 15 microm. The ultrasonic synthesis method was shown to have excellent reproducibility. PEI affected morphology of the microspheres, as it induced the formation of porous particles that accelerate the release rate of pDNA. The PLGA microspheres displayed an in vitro release of pDNA of 95-99% within 30 days and demonstrated zero order release kinetics without an initial spike of pDNA. Agarose electrophoresis confirmed conservation of the supercoiled form of pDNA throughout the synthesis and in vitro release stages. It was concluded that ultrasonic atomization is an efficient technique to overcome the key obstacles in scaling-up the manufacture of encapsulated vaccine for clinical trials and ultimately, commercial applications.     

Pilotstudie zum Biomonitoring für Ochratoxin A bei Beschäftigten im Getreide-und Rohkaffee-Umschlag

Handling cargo such as grains and raw coffee beans may result in an inhalation mycotoxin-containing dusts from these commodities. Ochratoxin A (OTA) was analyzed in blood samples obtained from nine cargo workers who handle these commodities at the Hamburg harbour. The OTA plasma levels ranged between 0.14 and 1.04 ng/ml. The mean (0.5±0.3) and median value (0.42 ng/ml) for this sample are slightly higher than those reported previously for the general population in Germany resulting from dietary OTA exposure alone. Our preliminary data point to a possible inhalation exposure, but further investigations are necessary for a definite proof of this exposure. This pilot study is an example of the usefulness of biomonitoring for OTA in occupational contexts.

Presented at the 27^th Mykotoxin-Workshop Dortmund. Germany June 13–15, 2005     

大分子的吸入治疗

随着重组DNA技术和分子生物学的发展,以蛋白质和多肽为主的大分子成为一类新型药物,并越来越受到重视,新兴的基因治疗技术使得核酸大分子也有可能成为药物。目前,绝大部分大分子药物都是通过注射途径给药,病人在医院注射费用昂贵且不方便,因而许多注射替代给药途径成为研究热门,通过肺部吸入给药就是一种很有吸引力的非侵入性给药途径。本介绍了肺吸收大分子的可能机制和大分吸入治疗的临床与基础研究以及面临的问题。     

Quantification of epimeric budesonide and fluticasone propionate in human plasma by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A highly sensitive and selective liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of epimeric budesonide (BUD) and fluticasone propionate (FP) in plasma. The drugs were isolated from human plasma using C₁₈ solid-phase extraction cartridges, and epimeric BUD was acetylated with a mixture of 12.5% acetic anhydride and 12.5% triethylamine in acetonitrile to form the 21-acetyl derivatives following the solid-phase extraction. Deuterium-labelled BUD acetate with an isotopic purity >99% was synthesized and used as the internal standard. The assay was linear over the ranges 0.05–10.0 ng/ml for epimeric BUD, and 0.02–4.0 ng/ml for FP. The inter- and intra-day relative standard deviations were <14.3% in the assay concentration range.     

Ochratoxin A in airborne dust and fungal conidia

Farm workers are often exposed to high concentrations of airborne organic dust and fungal conidia, especially when working with plant materials. The purpose of this investigation was to study the possibility of exposure to the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) through inhalation of organic dust and conidia. Dust and aerosol samples were collected from three local cowsheds. Aerosol samples for determination of total conidia and dust concentrations were collected by stationary sampling on polycarbonate filters. Total dust was analysed by gravimetry, and conidia were counted using scanning electron microscopy. A method was developed for extraction and determination of OTA in small samples of settled dust. OTA was extracted with a mixture of methanol, chloroform, HCI, and water, purified on immunoaffinity column, and analysed by ion-pair HPLC with fluorescence detection. Recovery of OTA from spiked dust samples (0.9–1.0 μg/kg) was 74% (quantitation limit 0.150 μg/kg). OTA was found in 6 out of 14 settled dust samples (0.2–70 μg/kg). The total concentration of airborne conidia ranged from < 1.1 × 10⁴ to 3.9 × 15⁵ per m³, and the airborne dust concentration ranged from 0.08 to 0.21 mg/m³. Conidia collected from cultures of Penicillium verrucosum and Aspergillus ochraceus contained 0.4–0.7 and 0.02–0.06 pg OTA per conidium, respectively. Testing of conidial extracts from these fungi in a Bacillus subtilis bioassay indicated the presence of toxic compounds in addition to OTA. The results show that airborne dust and fungal conidia can be sources of OTA. Peak exposures to airborne OTA may be significant, e.g., in agricultural environments. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.